Ultimate Guide to LiFePO4 Voltage Chart
Ultimate Guide to LiFePO4 Voltage Chart
Understanding the Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery voltage chart is crucial for maintaining battery life and performance. This type of battery, with its long lifecycle, high energy density, and improved safety features, has become the go-to choice for solar generators and various other applications.
Over the past couple of years, LiFePO4 (Lithium iron phosphate) batteries have become a popular choice to charge appliances. These types of batteries are used in solar generators due to their long lifecycle, improved safety features, high energy density, and more.
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Understanding how to read the LiFePO4 voltage chart lets you monitor the battery's performance and ensure safe operation.
LiFePO4 Voltage Chart Explained
What Is LiFePO4 Battery Voltage?
LiFePO4 (short for lithium iron phosphate) batteries are the safest and most popular batteries integrated into solar power systems. They are becoming increasingly popular, all thanks to their long lifecycle, high energy density, and improved safety features.
The voltage of the LiFePO4 cells depends on the state of charge. Whenever the battery charges and discharges, the LiFePO4 battery voltage rises. If the LiFePO4 battery voltage is higher, it can store more energy and increase the overall capacity.
What Is LiFePO4 Voltage Chart?
The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery voltage chart represents the state of charge (usually in percentage) of 1 cell based on different voltages, like 12V, 24V, and 48V.
| Percentage (SOC) | 1 Cell | 12V | 24V | 48V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% Charging | 3.65 | 14.6 | 29.2 | 58.4 |
| 100% Rest | 3.40 | 13.6 | 27.2 | 54.4 |
| 90% | 3.35 | 13.4 | 26.8 | 53.6 |
| 80% | 3.32 | 13.3 | 26.6 | 53.1 |
| 70% | 3.30 | 13.2 | 26.4 | 52.8 |
| 60% | 3.27 | 13.1 | 26.1 | 52.3 |
| 50% | 3.26 | 13.0 | 26.1 | 52.2 |
| 40% | 3.25 | 13.0 | 26.0 | 52.0 |
| 30% | 3.22 | 12.9 | 25.8 | 51.5 |
| 20% | 3.20 | 12.8 | 25.6 | 51.2 |
| 10% | 3.00 | 12.0 | 24.0 | 48.0 |
| 0% | 2.50 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 40.0 |
Individual LiFePO4 cells typically have a 3.2V nominal voltage. The cells are fully charged at 3.65V, and at 2.5V, they become fully discharged.
12V 100Ah LiFePO4 batteries are a great upgrade for 12V lead acid batteries. They are one of the safest batteries for off-grid solar systems. When they are fully charged, the battery voltage becomes 14.6V. It drops to 10 volts when fully discharged. The below 12V LiFePO4 battery voltage chart reveals how the voltage drops with respect to battery capacity.
LiFePO4 Battery Charging & Discharging
A battery's SoC (state of charge) indicates the remaining capacity that can be discharged over the battery pack's total capacity. Suppose you have a battery pack rated 100Ah and still have 30Ah left to discharge. In this case, the SoC will be 30%.
In other words, if you charge the battery to 100Ah and then discharge around 70Ah, it will still have 30Ah left. The SoC of a battery depends on its voltage and vice versa. When the battery is charged, the voltage increases.
The following SoC and LiFePO4 battery voltage chart reveals the relationship between the two parameters.
| SOC (%) | Voltage (V) |
|---|---|
| 100 | 3.60-3.65 |
| 90 | 3.50-3.55 |
| 80 | 3.45-3.50 |
| 70 | 3.40-3.45 |
| 60 | 3.35-3.40 |
| 50 | 3.30-3.35 |
| 40 | 3.25-3.30 |
| 30 | 3.20-3.25 |
| 20 | 3.10-3.20 |
| 10 | 2.90-3.00 |
| 0 | 2.00-2.50 |
State of the Charge Curve
There are different ways to determine the battery's SoC, such as voltage, counting coulombs, and specific gravity.
- Voltage: The higher the battery voltage, the fuller the battery is. To get accurate results, you must keep the battery at rest for at least four hours before measuring. Some manufacturers recommend around 24 hours of rest.
- Counting Coulombs: This method measures the current flowing in and out of the battery and uses ampere-second (As) to gauge the battery's charging and discharging rate.
- Specific Gravity: A hydrometer is required to measure the SoC. It works by monitoring the liquid density based on buoyancy.
If you wish to extend the battery's lifespan, you need to charge the LiFePO4 battery correctly. Each battery type has a voltage level that must be reached for optimal performance and battery health. You can use the SoC chart as a guide while recharging the batteries. For example, 90% charge for a 24V battery is 26.8V.
The state of the charge curve indicates how the 1-cell battery voltage varies depending on charging time.
LiFePO4 Battery Charging Parameters
Essential LiFePO4 battery charging parameters include various voltages such as charging, float, maximum/minimum, and nominal. The table below reveals the battery charging parameters at 3.2V, 12V, 24V, and 48V.
| Characteristics | 3.2V | 12V | 24V | 48V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charging Voltage | 3.5~3.65V | 14.2~14.6V | 28.4-29.2V | 56.8-58.4V |
| Float Voltage | 3.2V | 13.6V | 27.2V | 54.4V |
| Maximum Voltage | 3.65V | 14.6V | 29.2V | 58.4V |
| Minimum Voltage | 2.5V | 10V | 20V | 40V |
| Nominal Voltage | 3.2V | 12V/12.8V | 24V/25.6V | 48V/51.2V |
Float, Bulk, and Equalize Voltage of LiFePO4
One essential point to note is that lithium only supports bulk charging. Once the LiFePO4 battery is fully charged, it shuts off.
The three most common types of voltages include bulk, float, and equalize.
Bulk Voltage: This is the voltage at which the battery charges faster, usually occurring during the initial stage of charging when the battery is completely discharged. The bulk voltage of a 12-volt LiFePO4 battery is 14.6V.
Float Voltage: Generally lower than the bulk voltage, it is maintained once the battery is fully charged. The float voltage of a 12-volt LiFePO4 battery is 13.5V.
Equalize Voltage: Equalization is an important process that must be performed regularly to maintain the battery capacity. The equalized voltage of a 12-volt LiFePO4 battery is 14.6V.
| Types | 3.2V | 12V | 24V | 48V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk | 3.65V | 14.6V | 29.2V | 58.4V |
| Float | 3.375V | 13.5V | 27.0V | 54.0V |
| Equalize | 3.65V | 14.6V | 29.2V | 58.4V |
Battery Discharge Curve
Discharge means the power is withdrawn from the battery to charge appliances. The battery discharge chart typically represents the relationship between voltage and discharge time.
Below is the 12V LiFePO4 discharge curve at different discharge rates.
One of the most important aspects to extend the battery's lifespan is the Depth of Discharge (DoD). It is the discharged battery capacity in relation to its overall capacity. The more the LiFePO4 battery is charged and recharged, the shorter its lifespan will be.
| Battery or Battery Pack Ah Rating | 7 Minute Maximum Discharge Current | 30 Minute Maximum Discharge Current |
|---|---|---|
| 5Ah | 15 Amps | 10 Amps |
| 7Ah | 21 Amps | 14 Amps |
| 8Ah | 24 Amps | 16 Amps |
| 9Ah | 27 Amps | 18 Amps |
| 10Ah | 31 Amps | 21 Amps |
| 12Ah | 36 Amps | 24 Amps |
| 14Ah | 42 Amps | 31 Amps |
| 15Ah | 44 Amps | 32 Amps |
| 18Ah | 57 Amps | 40 Amps |
| 22Ah | 66 Amps | 46 Amps |
| 35Ah | 105 Amps | 84 Amps |
Effects of LiFePO4 Battery Voltage on Performance
LiFePO4 battery voltage affects its performance, the power it can deliver, overall lifespan, and energy storage capacity.
Capacity
Battery capacity and voltage are directly proportional. When the voltage increases, the battery capacity also increases. A 24V LiFePO4 battery has a higher capacity than a 12V battery of the same size.
Charging
All LiFePO4 batteries need a specific charging voltage and current for optimal performance. Too low a charging voltage means the battery won't fully charge, reducing capacity. Excessive voltage can lead to overcharging and damage the battery.
Discharging
The discharge voltage affects the battery's performance. Discharging the battery below the recommended voltage level leads to irreversible damage and reduces its lifespan.
Efficiency
LiFePO4 battery efficiency is directly proportional to voltage. A higher voltage battery is more efficient in supplying power. For better efficiency, opt for a higher voltage LiFePO4 battery.
Lifespan
A higher voltage LiFePO4 battery may have a longer lifespan compared to a low-voltage battery, handling more charge cycles.
How to Check LiFePO4 Battery Capacity?
Checking the LiFePO4 battery capacity is crucial for safety and longevity. Here are three methods to check the capacity:
Method 1: Check via Multimeter
This method involves measuring the open circuit battery voltage using a multimeter. First, disconnect all loads and chargers and let the battery rest for 15-30 minutes before measuring the voltage.
Method 2: Use a Battery Monitor
This is a reliable method for measuring battery capacity. Connect a high-quality battery monitor to get the charge level.
Method 3: Use a Solar Charge Controller
Although not very accurate, a solar charge controller can also be used to gauge battery capacity. Keep in mind that the readings are less accurate as they are taken with loads and chargers attached.
Jackery LiFePO4 Portable Power Stations
Jackery is a leading manufacturer of solar products, including solar panels, generators, and power stations. Their products are ideal for off-grid living, camping, and emergency backup solutions.
The Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus Portable Power Station has a LiFePO4 battery with a 2042.8Wh capacity. You can expand this capacity from 2kWh to 24kWh using additional Jackery Battery Packs.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 Plus Portable Power Station features a LiFePO4 battery of 1264Wh capacity and a 2000W output, expandable up to 5kWh with additional battery packs.
The Jackery Explorer 300 Plus Portable Power Station comes equipped with a 288Wh LiFePO4 battery and a power output of 300W. It also features dual PD ports for faster charging.
Explore more about How to Charge an AGM Battery and Why It's Different and Who is the best supplier for LiFePO4 cells?.
The company is one of the best lifepo4 energy storage suppliers worldwide. Our highly-specialized staff can help you find the products you need.
How to Increase The LiFePO4 Battery Lifespan?
Proper maintenance can extend the lifespan of LiFePO4 batteries up to ten years.
- Temperature plays a vital role in battery lifespan. Store and use the battery within the recommended temperature range.
- Avoid charging or discharging the battery too quickly as it can build up heat and damage internal components. Follow recommended values.
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