BMK Glycidic Acid - 5 mg

The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{,} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{,} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{}  

Are you interested in learning more about BMK Powder? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

BMK Glycidic Acid: Application and Importance

Key Features and Benefits

BMK Glycidic Acid, particularly in a 5 mg synthesis, holds significant value in various chemical processes. It is widely noted for its role in the production of BMK Glycidate, which is an essential compound in pharmaceutical manufacturing. This compound's high purity levels ensure its effectiveness and reliability in laboratory and industrial applications.

Practical Applications

BMK Glycidic Acid is utilized in the synthesis of various drug intermediates. Its role is crucial in the development of specific medicinal drugs, not limited to just one type but extending to multiple therapeutic categories. The precision of the 5 mg measurement allows for meticulous dosing and accurate experimental outcomes.

Safety and Handling

Safe handling of BMK Glycidic Acid is paramount. It is essential to store it under specified conditions to preserve its quality. Usage guidelines typically recommend utilizing personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent any adverse health effects during handling.

Amphetamine drug profile - emcdda.europa.eu

Amphetamine drug profile

A synthetic substance. Normally seen as a white powder, it acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS). It is believed that amphetamine was first manufactured in the s by the German chemist Leuckart, although evidence for this is lacking. It appears that, as in the case of methamphetamine, systematic studies of its chemistry did not come about until the early twentieth century. Amphetamine has some limited therapeutic use, but most is manufactured in clandestine laboratories in Europe. It is under international control and closely related to methamphetamine.

Chemistry

Amphetamine (CAS-300-62-9) is a member of the phenethylamine family, which includes a range of substances that may be stimulants, entactogens or hallucinogens. Thus, amphetamine is α-methylphenethylamine.

According to IUPAC, the fully systematic name is α-methylbenzeneethanamine. The asymmetric α-carbon atom gives rise to two enantiomers. These two forms were previously called the [&#;]- or l-stereoisomer and the [+]- or d-stereoisomer, but in modern usage are defined as the R- and S-stereoisomers.

Molecular structure

Molecular formula: C9H13N
Molecular weight: 135.2

top of page

Physical form

Amphetamine base is a colourless volatile oil insoluble in water. The most common salt is the sulfate (CAS-60-13-9): a white or off-white powder soluble in water. Illicit products mostly consist of powders. Tablets containing amphetamine may carry logos similar to those seen on MDMA and other ecstasy tablets.

top of page

Pharmacology

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant that causes hypertension and tachycardia with feelings of increased confidence, sociability and energy. It suppresses appetite and fatigue and leads to insomnia. Following oral use, the effects usually start within 30 minutes and last for many hours. Later, users may feel irritable, restless, anxious, depressed and lethargic. It increases the activity of the noradrenaline and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Amphetamine is less potent than methamphetamine, but in uncontrolled situations the effects are almost indistinguishable. The S-isomer has greater activity than the R-isomer. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. After a single oral dose of 10 mg, maximum plasma levels are around 0.02 mg/L. The plasma half-life varies from 4 to 12 hours and is dependent on the urinary pH: alkaline urine decreases the rate of elimination. A major metabolite is 1-phenyl-2-propanone, with smaller amounts of 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Analysis of amphetamine in urine is confounded because it is a metabolite of methamphetamine and certain medicinal products. Acute intoxication causes serious cardiovascular disturbances as well as behavioural problems that include agitation, confusion, paranoia, impulsivity and violence. Chronic use of amphetamine causes neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. Dependence &#; as shown by increased tolerance &#; results in deficits in memory and in decision-making and verbal reasoning. Some of the symptoms resemble those of paranoid schizophrenia. These effects may outlast drug use, although often they resolve eventually. Injection of amphetamine carries the same viral infection hazards (e.g. HIV and hepatitis) as are found with other injectable drugs such as heroin. Fatalities directly attributed to amphetamine are rare. The estimated minimum lethal dose in non-addicted adults is 200 mg.

top of page

Synthesis and precursors

The most common route of synthesis is by the Leuckart method.This uses (P2P, BMK, phenylacetone) and reagents such as formic acid, ammonium formate or formamide to yield a racemic mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. A much less common, but stereoselective, method is by reduction of the appropriate diastereoisomers of norephedrine or norpseudoephedrine. These precursors (1-phenyl-2-propanone, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine) are listed in Table I of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The corresponding EU legislation is set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No /90 (as later amended), which governs trade between the EU and third countries.

top of page

Mode of use

Amphetamine may be ingested, snorted and, less commonly, injected. Unlike the hydrochloride salt of methamphetamine, amphetamine sulfate is insufficiently volatile to be smoked. When ingested, a dose may vary from several tens to several hundreds of milligrams depending on the purity.

top of page

For more BMK Glycidateinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.

Other names

The term amfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) refers to a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers. Amfetamine is also the name required by Directives 65/65/EEC and 92/27/EEC for the labelling of medicinal products within the EU. Dexamfetamine is the INN for the (S)-α-methylbenzeneethanamine enantiomer also known as (+)-α-methylphenethylamine. Levamfetamine is the (R)-α-methylbenzeneethanamine enantiomer also known as (&#;)-α-methylphenethylamine. Other commonly used chemical names include 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane and phenyliospropylamine. Amphetamine is sometimes included with methamphetamine and other less common substances (e.g. benzphetamine) under the generic heading of &#;amphetamines&#;. Hundreds of other synonyms and proprietary names exist. &#;Street&#; terms include speed, base and whizz.

top of page

Analysis

The Marquis field test produces an orange/brown coloration. The Simon test produces a red coloration that will distinguish amphetamine (a primary amine) from secondary amines such as methamphetamine (blue coloration). The mass spectrum shows little structure with a major ion at m/z = 44. Identification by gas chromatography&#;mass spectrometry can be improved by N-derivatisation, e.g. using carbon disulfide to form the isothiocyanate. Using gas chromatography, the limit of detection in urine is <10 μg/L.

top of page

Control status

The R- and S-enantiomers (levamfetamine and dexamfetamine respectively) as well as the racemate (a 50:50 mixture of the R- and S-stereoisomers) are listed in Schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

top of page

Medical use

Amphetamine has occasional therapeutic use in the treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

top of page

top of page

Bibliography

Iversen, L. (), Speed, Ecstasy, Ritalin: the Science of Amphetamines, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

King, L. A. and McDermott, S. (), &#;Drugs of abuse&#;, in: Moffat, A. C., Osselton, M. D. and Widdop, B. (eds.) Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, 3rd edn, Vol. 1, pp. 37&#;52, Pharmaceutical Press, London.

Moffat, A. C., Osselton, M. D. and Widdop, B, (eds.) (), Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, 3rd edn, Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical Press, London.

United Nations (), Multilingual Dictionary of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under International Control, United Nations, New York.

United Nations (), Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and their Ring-Substituted Analogues in Seized Materials (revised and updated), Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories, United Nations, New York.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (), Ecstasy and Amphetamines Global Survey , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/report_ats_-09-23_1.pdf).

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (), World Drug Report , Vol. 1: Analysis, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_/volume_1.pdf).

top of page

If you want to learn more, please visit our website cas -95-3.