How Does CAS 148553-50-8 Impact Cellular Metabolism?

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**How Does CAS 148553-50-8 Impact Cellular Metabolism?**.

Cellular metabolism plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of homeostasis and overall cellular function. CAS 148553-50-8, commonly known as AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), is a compound that has gained significant interest in biomedical research for its potential impact on cellular metabolism. This article explores how AICAR influences metabolic pathways using a structured numbered list format to enhance readability.

**1. Activation of AMPK Pathway**.

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) serves as a cellular energy sensor, responding to low energy states by restoring ATP levels. AICAR's primary metabolic impact is its ability to activate the AMPK pathway.

1. Upon entry into the cell, AICAR is phosphorylated into ZMP (5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamido ribonucleotide).

2. ZMP mimics AMP (adenosine monophosphate), thereby activating AMPK.

3. Activated AMPK initiates a series of downstream effects that boost catabolic processes to generate energy (ATP) and inhibit anabolic processes that consume energy.

**2. Enhancement of Glucose Uptake**.

Efficient glucose uptake is crucial for energy production, especially in muscle cells and adipocytes. AICAR influences glucose metabolism through several mechanisms.

1. AMPK activation by AICAR translocates GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4) to the cell membrane, facilitating increased glucose uptake.

2. This process enhances the ability of cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream, which can be particularly beneficial in conditions such as type 2 diabetes.

3. The increased glucose uptake is converted into ATP via glycolysis, meeting the energy needs of the cell.

**3. Modulation of Lipid Metabolism**.

Lipid metabolism involves either the storage or breakdown of fats to meet energy requirements. AICAR has a dual role in modulating lipid metabolism:

1. AMPK activation by AICAR inhibits ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), an enzyme critical for fatty acid synthesis.

2. This inhibition reduces the synthesis of fatty acids, helping in conditions of lipid overload or obesity.

3. Concurrently, AMPK activation enhances fatty acid oxidation, breaking down stored fats into usable energy.

**4. Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis**.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, and their biogenesis (creation of new mitochondria) is vital for sustaining long-term energy supplies.

1. AICAR-induced AMPK activation promotes the activity of PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha).

2. PGC-1α is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing the number and efficiency of mitochondria.

3. Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis leads to improved oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, supporting better cellular metabolism.

**5. Influence on Cellular Stress Responses**.

In times of cellular stress, maintaining energy balance is critical. AICAR helps cells adapt to stressful conditions by activating several protective pathways.

1. AMPK activation reduces the activity of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), a protein that drives cell growth and proliferation.

2. Inhibition of mTOR shifts cellular metabolism from anabolic (growth-focused) to catabolic (maintenance-focused), conserving energy and resources.

3. By doing so, AICAR enhances cellular survival during energy-depleting stressors.

**6. Impact on Longevity and Aging**.

Research indicates that metabolic regulation by AICAR can have implications for aging and longevity.

1. Chronic activation of AMPK has been linked to the promotion of autophagy, a process that removes damaged cellular components.

2. Efficient autophagy contributes to cellular rejuvenation and extends lifespan in various organisms.

3. The caloric restriction-mimetic effect of AICAR also parallels the benefits observed with restricted calorie intake, which is known for enhancing longevity.

**Conclusion**.

CAS 148553-50-8 (AICAR) exhibits profound effects on cellular metabolism through AMPK pathway activation. By enhancing glucose uptake, modulating lipid metabolism, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, aiding in cellular stress responses, and potentially extending longevity, AICAR holds promise for therapeutic applications in metabolic disorders, aging, and beyond. Understanding these mechanisms can lead to innovative treatments that harness the power of cellular metabolism regulation for better health outcomes.

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